samantea3fvn0@outlook.com

期刊翻譯推薦

A：我起先的設法就是，要研究《古蘭經》就必須得從歷史-說話學 翻譯角度來梳理。因為在《古蘭經》成書的時刻，阿拉伯語的書面語還沒有降生；因此，亞拉姆語必會被首先列入斟酌，因為它是那個時辰，也就是4-7世紀時不但被用作書面說話，同時還是西亞的通用語。

Q：對很多穆斯林來講，《古蘭經》是代表了絕對真谛的聖書，你的結論對他們而言無異於褻瀆。截至目前為止，你有收到什麼回響嗎？

But that Syro-Aramaic was also the root of the Koran 翻譯公司 and of the Koran of a primitive Christian system, is a more specialized notion 翻譯公司 an almost clandestine one. And it´s more than a little dangerous. The author of the most important book on the subject - a German professor of ancient Semitic and Arabic languages - preferred 翻譯公司 out of prudence, to write under the pseudonym of Christoph Luxenberg. A few years ago 翻譯公司 one of his colleagues at the University of Nablus in Palestine, Suliman Bashear 翻譯公司 was thrown out of the window by his scandalized Muslim students.

Q. - To many Muslim believers, for whom the Koran is the holy book and the only truth, your conclusions could seem blasphemous. What reactions have you noticed up until now?

Q. - You have discovered that Sura 97 of the Koran mentions the Nativity. And in your translation of the famous Sura of Mary, her "birthgiving" is "made legitimate by the Lord." Moreover, the text contains the invitation to come to the sacred liturgy, to the Mass. Would the Koran, then, be nothing other than an Arabic version of the Christian Bible?

出於許多緣由，這實際上是一個潛力無窮的測驗考試。正如德國薩爾蘭大學的德爾格・呂迪格爾・普恩和其他《古蘭經》學者就認為，這種從說話學 翻譯角度去理解伊斯蘭教的聖書，是一種遠比原教旨主義和摩尼式讀法都還更好，而且也更可以或許揭露其與猶太教以及基督教之聯系關系 翻譯體例 翻譯社

Q：順路一提，請問你對伊斯蘭教的面紗有什麼看法？

下面這篇作者專訪曾被離別發表在德國的《南德意志報》和2004年3月12-18日刊的義大利《精髓周刊》第11輯上：

Q. - Professor 翻譯公司 why did you think it useful to conduct this re-reading of the Koran?

A. - "We begin from the term ´huri,´ for which the Arabic commentators could not find any meaning other than those heavenly virgins. But if one keeps in mind the derivations from Syro-Aramaic, that expression indicated ´white grapes,´ which is one of the symbolic elements of the Christian paradise, recalled in the Last Supper of Jesus. There´s another Koranic expression, falsely interpreted as ´the children´ or ´the youths´ of paradise: in Aramaic: it designates the fruit of the vine, which in the Koran is compared to pearls. As for the symbols of paradise, these interpretive errors are probably connected to the male monopoly in Koranic commentary and interpretation."

In the Europe of the 16th and 17th centuries, mangled by the wars of religion 翻譯公司 scholars of the Bible also used to keep a safe distance with pseudonyms. But if, now 翻譯公司 the ones doing so are the scholars of the Koran, this is a sign that 翻譯公司 for the Muslim holy book as well, the era of historical 翻譯公司 linguistic, and philological re-readings has begun.

A：論其發源，《古蘭經》現實上是一部敘利亞-亞拉姆語星期書，佈滿了引自《聖經》 翻譯讚美詩和抄寫，多是被用於基督教 翻譯宗教活動 翻譯社再者，《古蘭經》起初是被作為以阿拉伯語將《聖經》的內容張揚給麥加的基督徒而最先的，本來的《古蘭經》並非那麼的和後來在麥地那被改動後 翻譯那麼與社會政治相幹 翻譯社在一最先時《古蘭經》並沒有被視為是一個新宗教的根本，它是以對於《聖經》 翻譯崇奉作為條件，並是以被傳播入阿拉伯社會罷了。

A. - "At first I conducted a ´synchronous´ reading. In other words, I kept in mind both Arabic and Aramaic. Thanks to this procedure, I was able to discover the extent of the previously unsuspected influence of Aramaic upon the language of the Koran: in point of fact, much of what now passes under the name of ´classical Arabic´ is of Aramaic derivation."

A. - "According to Islamic tradition, the Koran dates back to the 7th century, while the first examples of Arabic literature in the full sense of the phrase are found only two centuries later, at the time of the ´Biography of the Prophet´; that is, of the life of Mohammed as written by Ibn Hisham, who died in 828. We may thus establish that post-Koranic Arabic literature developed by degrees, in the period following the work of al-Khalil bin Ahmad, who died in 786, the founder of Arabic lexicography (kitab al-ayn), and of Sibawwayh, who died in 796, to whom the grammar of classical Arabic is due. Now, if we assume that the composition of the Koran was brought to an end in the year of the Prophet Mohammed´s death, in 632, we find before us an interval of 150 years, during which there is no trace of Arabic literature worthy of note."

A：我這麼做是因為一些穆斯林伴侶 翻譯建議，他們很擔心會有一些狂熱的原教旨主義者，等不及教令下判決就想對我晦氣。

A. - "At that time 翻譯公司 there were no Arab schools - except, perhaps 翻譯公司 for the Christian centers of al-Anbar and al-Hira 翻譯公司 in southern Mesopotamia, or what is now Iraq. The Arabs of that region had been Christianized and instructed by Syrian Christians. Their liturgical language was Syro-Aramaic. And this was the vehicle of their culture 翻譯公司 and more generally the language of written communication."

A. - "Beginning in the third century, the Syrian Christians did not limit themselves to bringing their evangelical mission to nearby countries 翻譯公司 like Armenia or Persia. They pressed on toward distant territories 翻譯公司 all the way to the borders of China and the western coast of India, in addition to the entire Arabian peninsula all the way to Yemen and Ethiopia. It is thus rather probable that 翻譯公司 in order to proclaim the Christian message to the Arabic peoples, they would have used (among others) the language of the Bedouins 翻譯公司 or Arabic. In order to spread the Gospel 翻譯公司 they necessarily made use of a mishmash of languages. But in an era in which Arabic was just an assembly of dialects and had no written form, the missionaries had no choice but to resort to their own literary language and their own culture; that is 翻譯公司 to Syro-Aramaic. The result was that the language of the Koran was born as a written Arabic language, but one of Arab-Aramaic derivation."

A：自3世紀伊始，敘利亞基督徒便開始帶著他們鼓吹福音的使命踏上了如亞美尼亞或波斯 翻譯鄰近國度 翻譯社他們走遍了遙遠的異域，一路來到中國和印度的西部邊界，除整個阿拉伯半島以外，還有葉門和埃塞俄比亞 翻譯社正因如此，為了向阿拉伯人流傳基督教信息，他們很可能會選擇利用貝都因人 翻譯語言或阿拉伯語。但在誰人阿拉伯語還只是一個方言雜燴，沒有書面語言的時期，傳教士們別無選擇，只能測驗考試訴諸他們自己的書面說話和文化；那就是敘利亞-亞拉姆語 翻譯社於是，雖然《古蘭經》是以阿拉伯語寫成，但它其實也是衍生自敘利亞-亞拉姆語。

A. - "There is a passage in Sura 24, verse 31, which in Arabic reads, ´That they should beat their khumurs against their bags.´ It is an incomprehensible phrase, for which the following interpretation has been sought: ´That they should extend their kerchiefs from their heads to their breasts.´ But if this passage is read in the light of Syro-Aramaic, it simply means: ´They should fasten their belts around their waists.´"

The book by "Christoph Luxenberg" came out in 2000 in Germany with the title "Die Syro-Aramäische Lesart des Koran" ("A Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran"), published in Berlin by Das Arabische Buch. It is out of print 翻譯公司 and there are no translations in other languages. But a new 翻譯公司 updated edition (again in German) is about to arrive in bookstores.

可是，敘利亞-亞拉姆語其實也是《古蘭經》 翻譯源流之一，這就是為什麼《古蘭經》身上還留著ㄧ些原始基督教系統 翻譯影子，這觸及了一個更為專門的概念，並且幾乎從未為人所知，乃至還有些危險。若細數起關於這個主題的最主要的著作 翻譯作者——那麼謎底絕非德國的古代閃米特與阿拉伯語言傳授，克里斯托弗・盧森伯格莫屬——不過出於平安考量，這個名字實際上是化名。究竟僅僅就在幾年以前，他在巴勒斯坦納布盧斯大學的同事薩利曼・巴希爾就曾被他自認為遭到沖撞 翻譯穆斯林學生揪起，扔出窗外 翻譯社

Q：你的意思是，不懂敘利亞-亞拉姆語的人就沒法正確的翻譯息爭釋《古蘭經》了？

by Sandro Magister

Q. - What is the relationship between this language of culture and the origin of the Koran?

The Virgins and the Grapes: the Christian Origins of the Koran

Q：但你依然用了化名。

Q. - So at the time of Mohammed Arabic did not have precise rules, and was not used for written communication. Then how did the Koran come to be written?

A：一入手下手我便著手進行“同步式”閱讀，也就是說，我同時用阿拉伯語和亞拉姆語來解讀經文 翻譯社多虧有這麼做，我很快就發現了亞拉姆語對《古蘭經》超乎想像 翻譯語言影響：事實上，如今以“古阿拉伯語”寫成 翻譯大部份段落其實本來都應當是亞拉姆語。

Q. - Aren´t you afraid of a fatwa 翻譯公司 a death sentence like the one pronounced against Salman Rushdie?

A. - "I began from the idea that the language of the Koran must be studied from an historical-linguistic point of view. When the Koran was composed, Arabic did not exist as a written language; thus it seemed evident to me that it was necessary to take into consideration 翻譯公司 above all 翻譯公司 Aramaic, which at the time, between the 4th and 7th centuries, was not only the language of written communication, but also the lingua franca of that area of Western Asia."

A：因為，在《古蘭經》裡存在著許多迷糊不清的處所，乃至就連阿拉伯評論家都難以诠釋，乃至還有人說，只有天主才能理解這些段落。西方對於《古蘭經》的系統性研究是直到19世紀中葉才起頭，而且老是以阿拉伯學者 翻譯評論作為根蒂根基。但這些評論卻曆來沒有正視過一些詞彙的外國詞源問題。

Q：那麼讓我們來看看那些有貳言 翻譯地方 翻譯社憑據你的說法，伊斯蘭教的天國會許諾那些自殺炸彈客可以在死後享有童貞的觀念是最離譜 翻譯誤解之一。

A. - "Because 翻譯公司 in the Koran 翻譯公司 there are many obscure points that, from the beginning 翻譯公司 even the Arab commentators were not able to explain. Of these passages it is said that only God can comprehend them. Western research on the Koran, which has been conducted in a systematic manner only since about the middle of the 19th century 翻譯公司 has always taken as its base the commentaries of the Arab scholars. But these have never gone beyond the etymological explanation of some terms of foreign origin."

An interview with "Christoph Luxenberg" by Alfred Hackensberger

Q. - Does this mean the veil is really a chastity belt?

Here follows an interview with the author 翻譯公司 published in Germany in the newspaper "Süddeutsche Zeitung" and in Italy in "L´espresso 翻譯公司" no. 11 翻譯公司 March 12-18 翻譯公司 2004:

Q：傳授，請問為什麼你會認為依靠這類方式重新詮釋《古蘭經》是成心義 翻譯？

A：讓我們先從單詞“huri”最先說起，阿拉伯評論家對這個單詞沒有找到其它除天國的童貞之外 翻譯寄義 翻譯社但如果瞭解敘利亞-亞拉姆語，那麼就發現這個單詞的意思實際上是“白葡萄”，這是基督教天國裡的常見象徵元素之一，在耶穌的最後晚飯上也有被提及。在另外一段《古蘭經》段落裡它又被誤解為天堂的“兒童”或是“年輕人”，但在亞拉姆語裡，它指的是葡萄樹的果實，相當於《古蘭經》裡所提到 翻譯珍珠。與這類關於天國的象徵一樣，這些曲解很可能與《古蘭經》評論及釋義中 翻譯男性壟斷現象脫不了關係。

由於宗教戰爭的影響，16-18世紀的歐洲《聖經》學者也習慣使用化名來自保。但此刻反卻是《古蘭經》學者才需要這麼做，不外這也意味著，從頭反思穆斯林的聖書、歷史、語言和文獻學 翻譯時機已到了。

A. - "In its origin, the Koran is a Syro-Aramaic liturgical book, with hymns and extracts from Scriptures which might have been used in sacred Christian services. In the second place, one may see in the Koran the beginning of a preaching directed toward transmitting the belief in the Sacred Scriptures to the pagans of Mecca, in the Arabic language. Its socio-political sections, which are not especially related to the original Koran, were added later in Medina. At its beginning, the Koran was not conceived as the foundation of a new religion. It presupposes belief in the Scriptures, and thus functioned merely as an inroad into Arabic society."

A. - "Yes. Anyone who wants to make a thorough study of the Koran must have a background in the Syro-Aramaic grammar and literature of that period, the 7th century. Only thus can he identify the original meaning of Arabic expressions whose semantic interpretation can be established definitively only by retranslating them into Syro-Aramaic."

A：在巴基斯坦，是有曾刊載摘錄自我的書裡的文章 翻譯《新聞周刊》被制止販售。但我也必需說，就我碰見過的穆斯林來說，我並沒有遭受到任何敵對的立場。相反的，他們十分讚賞一名非穆斯林會願意如斯客觀的研究他們的神聖文本。只有那些要對峙以毛病的體式格局詮釋天主 翻譯話語 翻譯人材有資曆說我的研究是在褻瀆。不外《古蘭經》亦明確寫過，“沒人能把神導致的毛病指導回正途 翻譯社”

Q. - But you still preferred to use a pseudonym.

當今的大眾或多或少都邑知道亞拉姆語曾在古代中東的大部份地域廣為風行這個常識，固然這都要歸功於梅爾・吉勃遜的那部全程採用亞拉姆語的片子《受難記：最後的豪情》。

Q. - What do you say, then, about the idea, accepted until now, that the Koran was the first book written in Arabic?

A：不盡然。確切，在基督教傳統裡，腰帶經常被與貞操聯繫在一起：例如瑪麗亞就老是被描畫成在腰間綁著一條腰帶的形象。但按照福音書，在最後的晚餐的時刻，基督也是在腰上繫著圍裙來為徒弟洗腳。在基督教信仰裡有許多雷同的情節。

阿爾弗雷德・哈肯斯伯格對“克里斯托弗・盧森伯格”的專訪

A. - "I am not a Muslim 翻譯公司 so I don´t run that risk. Besides, I haven´t offended against the Koran"

Q. - By the way, what do you think about the Islamic veil?

Q：所以，在穆罕默德時代，阿拉伯語還沒有被切確 翻譯規範化，也沒有發展出版面用語。那麼《古蘭經》事實是怎麼寫成的呢？

A. - "In Pakistan, the sale of the edition of ´Newsweek´ that contained an article on my book was banned. Otherwise, I must say that, in my encounters with Muslims, I have not noticed any hostile attitudes. On the contrary, they have appreciated the commitment of a non-Muslim to studies aimed at an objective comprehension of their sacred text. My work could be judged as blasphemous only by those who decide to cling to errors in the interpretation of the word of God. But in the Koran it is written, ´No one can bring to the right way those whom God induces to error.´"

Q：所以，面紗真正 翻譯意思是貞操帶？

Q. - Tell us how you proceeded.

福音書與伊斯蘭教

Q：這種文化的說話和《古蘭經》的起源有什麼聯系關系？

Q：既然如斯，那你怎麼看待對於人們一向以來所認為的，《古蘭經》是第一部以阿拉伯語寫成的作品的觀念？

童貞與葡萄：《古蘭經》 翻譯基督教起源

Q：豈非你不會畏懼遭到伊斯蘭教令的措置，就像薩爾曼・魯西迪遭到的死刑判決那樣？

Q. - Do you mean that anyone who does not keep the Syro-Aramaic language in mind cannot translate and interpret the Koran correctly?

A：憑據伊斯蘭教傳統，《古蘭經》 翻譯歷史可以追溯到7世紀，但切當意義上的阿拉伯語文學的例子卻是兩個多世紀以後，即所謂 翻譯“先知傳記”時代的事；如去世於828年的伊本・希沙姆 翻譯作品。因此我們可以藉此來確定後《古蘭經》時期的阿拉伯文學究竟成長到了什麼水平，我指 翻譯是在編輯《阿拉伯語詞典》（kitab al-ayn）的哈利勒・本・艾哈邁德去世於786年，還有為阿拉伯語語法付出貢獻的希巴威沃於796年後 翻譯那段期間 翻譯社現在，如果我們假定《古蘭經》真的是在先知穆罕默德過世後的那一年編纂而成，那就是632年，也就是這中心有足足150年的距離，在那段時代裡我們沒有發現任何阿拉伯文學作品。

A：在第24章31節裡，阿拉伯語版是這麼寫的，“她們應當用khumurs擊打袋子 翻譯社”根基上這是一段沒法理解的經文，是以就誕生了下面這類诠釋：“莫露出首飾，除非天然露出 翻譯，叫她們用面紗遮住胸瞠。”可是，如果這段經文被以敘利亞-亞拉姆語來解釋，那麼其寄義便刹時名頓開：“她們應當在腰上綁著腰帶 翻譯社”

Q：那又是什麼使你的研究方式如此與眾分歧？

A：在阿誰時候還沒有所謂的阿拉伯學校——除，或許在美索不達米亞南部，即今伊拉克的安巴爾和希拉 翻譯基督教中心可以算是。該地區 翻譯阿拉伯人都接管了敘利亞基督徒的教訓並被基督教化。他們的星期式語言是敘利亞-亞拉姆語。這就是他們的文化 翻譯載體，同時也是他們的書面說話。

ROMA - That Aramaic was the lingua franca of a vast area of the ancient Middle East is a notion that is by now amply noted by a vast public 翻譯公司 thanks to Mel Gibson´s film "The Passion of the Christ," which everyone watches in that language.

http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/7025?eng=y

A：我不是穆斯林，所以我不會有這類風險。更況且我並沒有觸犯到《古蘭經》。

This is a promising beginning for many reasons. Gerd-Rüdiger Puin 翻譯公司 a professor at Saarland University in Germany and another Koran scholar on the philological level, maintains that this type of approach to Islam´s holy book can help to defeat its fundamentalist and Manichean readings 翻譯公司 and to bring into a better light its ties with Judaism and Christianity.

透過古代說話 翻譯蛛絲馬跡，一位德國粹者對伊斯蘭教的聖書提出了一種全新的見解 翻譯社根據他的觀點，《古蘭經》真正 翻譯作者其實說著一口敘利亞-亞拉姆語，向阿拉伯人張揚福音 翻譯基督徒。

“克里斯托弗・盧森伯格”的著作“Die Syro-Aramäische Lesart des Koran”（《敘利亞-亞拉姆語版古蘭經》）是在2000年時在德國正式出書，出書商為柏林的阿拉伯文書公司 翻譯社不外，一個更新 翻譯修訂版（同樣是在德國出書）已即將在書店上市 翻譯社

Q：你還發現《古蘭經》在第97章裡提到了基督的降生 翻譯社根據你 翻譯翻譯，在出名 翻譯說起瑪麗亞的那一章，她的分娩實際上是“受主授意 翻譯”。另外，這個文本還提到了約請大眾參加的神聖星期典禮。有沒有可能，本來的《古蘭經》其實只是阿拉伯語版的基督教《聖經》？

Q. - What makes your method different?

Q. - Let´s come to the misunderstandings. One of the most glaring errors you cite is that of the virgins promised, in the Islamic paradise, to the suicide bombers.

A. - "I did that on the advice of Muslim friends who were afraid that some enthusiastic fundamentalist would act of his own initiative, without waiting for a fatwa."

A. - "Not exactly. It is true that, in the Christian tradition, the belt is associated with chastity: Mary is depicted with a belt fastened around her waist. But in the gospel account of the Last Supper, Christ also ties an apron around his waist before washing the Apostles´ feet. There are clearly many parallels with the Christian faith."

Q：請告知我們你是若何繼續的 翻譯社

A German scholar of ancient languages takes a new look at the sacred book of Islam. He maintains that it was created by Syro-Aramaic speaking Christians 翻譯公司 in order to evangelize the Arabs. And he translates it in a new way

A：確實如斯。任何想要研究《古蘭經》 翻譯人都應該知曉敘利亞-亞拉姆語，還有瞭解那個期間，也就是7世紀時的文學概況 翻譯社唯有如斯才能正確的辨認那些阿拉伯語的原始含義，它們 翻譯語義必需被重新翻譯成敘利亞-亞拉姆語才能瞭解。

From the Gospel to Islam