Q：那又是什麼使你的研究方式如斯與眾分歧？
福音書與伊斯蘭教
Q：但你依然用了假名翻譯
Q. - Professor, why did you think it useful to conduct this re-reading of the Koran?
Q. - So at the time of Mohammed Arabic did not have precise rules翻譯社 and was not used for written communication. Then how did the Koran come to be written?
The Virgins and the Grapes: the Christian Origins of the Koran
出於很多原因，這實際上是一個潛力無限的測驗考試。正如德國薩爾蘭大學的德爾格・呂迪格爾・普恩和其他《古蘭經》學者就認為，這類從語言學的角度去理解伊斯蘭教的聖書，是一種遠比原教旨主義和摩尼式讀法都還更好，而且也更可以或許揭露其與猶太教和基督教之聯系關系的方式。
Q：你的意思是，不懂敘利亞-亞拉姆語的人就無法准確的翻譯息爭釋《古蘭經》了？
若細數起關於這個主題的最主要的著作的作者——那麼謎底絕非德國的古代閃米特與阿拉伯說話傳授，克里斯托弗・盧森伯格莫屬——不外出於平安考量，這個名字實際上是假名。畢竟僅僅就在幾年之前，他在巴勒斯坦納布盧斯大學的同事薩利曼・巴希爾就曾被他自認為遭到幹犯的穆斯林學生揪起，扔出窗外翻譯但是，敘利亞-亞拉姆語其實也是《古蘭經》的源流之一，這就是為什麼《古蘭經》身上還留著ㄧ些原始基督教體系的影子，這觸及了一個更為專門的概念，而且幾近從未為人所知，乃至還有些危險。
Q：所以，在穆罕默德時期，阿拉伯語還沒有被切確的規範化，也沒有發展出版面用語翻譯那麼《古蘭經》事實是怎麼寫成的呢？ Q：順道一提，請問你對伊斯蘭教的面紗有什麼觀點？ Q：那麼讓我們來看看那些有貳言的處所。 by Sandro Magister Q. - What is the relationship between this language of culture and the origin of the Koran? The book by "Christoph Luxenberg" came out in 2000 in Germany with the title "Die Syro-Aramäische Lesart des Koran" ("A Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran")翻譯社 published in Berlin by Das Arabische Buch. It is out of print翻譯社 and there are no translations in other languages. But a new, updated edition (again in German) is about to arrive in bookstores.
A：在第24章31節裡，阿拉伯語版是這麼寫的，“她們應該用khumurs擊打袋子。”根基上這是一段沒法理解的經文，因此就降生了下面這類解釋：“莫露出首飾，除非自然露出的，叫她們用面紗遮住胸瞠。 由於宗教戰爭的影響，16-18世紀的歐洲《聖經》學者也習慣利用化名來自保。但如今反卻是《古蘭經》學者才需要這麼做，不外這也意味著，從頭反思穆斯林的聖書、歷史、說話和文獻學的機會已經到了。 A：一入手下手我便著手進行“同步式”浏覽，也就是說，我同時用阿拉伯語和亞拉姆語來解讀經文翻譯多虧有這麼做，我很快就發現了亞拉姆語對《古蘭經》超乎想像的語言影響：事實上，此刻以“古阿拉伯語”寫成的大部份段落其實原先都應當是亞拉姆語。 Q. - By the way翻譯社 what do you think about the Islamic veil? A. - "In its origin, the Koran is a Syro-Aramaic liturgical book, with hymns and extracts from Scriptures which might have been used in sacred Christian services. In the second place, one may see in the Koran the beginning of a preaching directed toward transmitting the belief in the Sacred Scriptures to the pagans of Mecca翻譯社 in the Arabic language. Its socio-political sections翻譯社 which are not especially related to the original Koran, were added later in Medina. At its beginning翻譯社 the Koran was not conceived as the foundation of a new religion. It presupposes belief in the Scriptures, and thus functioned merely as an inroad into Arabic society." Q：豈非你不會懼怕遭到伊斯蘭教令的措置，就像薩爾曼・魯西迪受到的死刑判決那樣？ A：我這麼做是因為一些穆斯林同夥的建議，他們很擔心會有一些狂熱的原教旨主義者，等不及教令下判決就想對我晦氣。 A. - "According to Islamic tradition, the Koran dates back to the 7th century, while the first examples of Arabic literature in the full sense of the phrase are found only two centuries later, at the time of the ´Biography of the Prophet´; that is, of the life of Mohammed as written by Ibn Hisham, who died in 828. We may thus establish that post-Koranic Arabic literature developed by degrees, in the period following the work of al-Khalil bin Ahmad, who died in 786, the founder of Arabic lexicography (kitab al-ayn), and of Sibawwayh翻譯社 who died in 796, to whom the grammar of classical Arabic is due. Now翻譯社 if we assume that the composition of the Koran was brought to an end in the year of the Prophet Mohammed´s death翻譯社 in 632, we find before us an interval of 150 years, during which there is no trace of Arabic literature worthy of note."
A：在巴基斯坦，是有曾刊載摘錄自華頓翻譯社的書裡的文章的《新聞周刊》被制止販售。 Q：這種文化的說話和《古蘭經》的起源有什麼聯系關系？ A German scholar of ancient languages takes a new look at the sacred book of Islam. He maintains that it was created by Syro-Aramaic speaking Christians翻譯社 in order to evangelize the Arabs. And he translates it in a new way But that Syro-Aramaic was also the root of the Koran, and of the Koran of a primitive Christian system翻譯社 is a more specialized notion, an almost clandestine one. And it´s more than a little dangerous. The author of the most important book on the subject - a German professor of ancient Semitic and Arabic languages - preferred翻譯社 out of prudence, to write under the pseudonym of Christoph Luxenberg. A few years ago翻譯社 one of his colleagues at the University of Nablus in Palestine, Suliman Bashear翻譯社 was thrown out of the window by his scandalized Muslim students. 下面這篇作者專訪曾被別離揭曉在德國的《南德意志報》和2004年3月12-18日刊的義大利《精髓周刊》第11輯上： In the Europe of the 16th and 17th centuries, mangled by the wars of religion翻譯社 scholars of the Bible also used to keep a safe distance with pseudonyms. But if, now翻譯社 the ones doing so are the scholars of the Koran翻譯社 this is a sign that, for the Muslim holy book as well翻譯社 the era of historical翻譯社 linguistic, and philological re-readings has begun. Q. - Tell us how you proceeded.
A：確切如斯。與這類關於天國的象徵一樣，這些曲解極可能與《古蘭經》評論及釋義中的男性壟斷現象脫不了關係。
在另一段《古蘭經》段落裡它又被曲解為天堂的“兒童”或是“年輕人”，但在亞拉姆語裡，它指的是葡萄樹的果實，相當於《古蘭經》裡所提到的珍珠。A：讓我們先從單詞“huri”開始說起，阿拉伯評論家對這個單詞沒有找到其它除天堂的處女以外的含義翻譯但如果瞭解敘利亞-亞拉姆語，那麼就發現這個單詞的意思實際上是“白葡萄”，這是基督教天堂裡的常見象徵元素之一，在耶穌的最後晚餐上也有被說起。
Q：你還發現《古蘭經》在第97章裡提到了基督的降生。另外，這個文本還提到了約請大眾參加的神聖星期儀式。有無可能，本來的《古蘭經》其實只是阿拉伯語版的基督教《聖經》？ Q. - Aren´t you afraid of a fatwa翻譯社 a death sentence like the one pronounced against Salman Rushdie? 阿爾弗雷德・哈肯斯伯格對“克里斯托弗・盧森伯格”的專訪 A：華頓翻譯社不是穆斯林，所以華頓翻譯社不會有這類風險翻譯更何況我並沒有沖克到《古蘭經》。 A. - "Not exactly. It is true that翻譯社 in the Christian tradition, the belt is associated with chastity: Mary is depicted with a belt fastened around her waist. But in the gospel account of the Last Supper翻譯社 Christ also ties an apron around his waist before washing the Apostles´ feet. There are clearly many parallels with the Christian faith." A. - "Yes. Anyone who wants to make a thorough study of the Koran must have a background in the Syro-Aramaic grammar and literature of that period, the 7th century. Only thus can he identify the original meaning of Arabic expressions whose semantic interpretation can be established definitively only by retranslating them into Syro-Aramaic."
透過古代說話的蛛絲馬跡，一名德國粹者對伊斯蘭教的聖書提出了一種全新的看法翻譯按照他的概念，《古蘭經》真實的作者其實說著一口敘利亞-亞拉姆語，向阿拉伯人鼓吹福音的基督徒。 From the Gospel to Islam Q. - But you still preferred to use a pseudonym.
Q：請告知華頓翻譯社們你是若何繼續的。
Q. - What makes your method different? Q：對很多穆斯林來說，《古蘭經》是代表了絕對真谛的聖書，你的結論對他們而言無異於褻瀆翻譯截至目前為止，翻譯公司有收到什麼回響嗎？
A：在那個時候還沒有所謂的阿拉伯黉舍——除，或許在美索不達米亞南部，即今伊拉克的安巴爾和希拉的基督教中間可以算是。該地域的阿拉伯人都接受了敘利亞基督徒的教訓並被基督教化翻譯他們的禮拜式說話是敘利亞-亞拉姆語。 A. - "There is a passage in Sura 24, verse 31, which in Arabic reads, ´That they should beat their khumurs against their bags.´ It is an incomprehensible phrase翻譯社 for which the following interpretation has been sought: ´That they should extend their kerchiefs from their heads to their breasts.´ But if this passage is read in the light of Syro-Aramaic, it simply means: ´They should fasten their belts around their waists.´"
A：根據伊斯蘭教傳統，《古蘭經》的歷史可以追溯到7世紀，但確切意義上的阿拉伯語文學的例子倒是兩個多世紀以後，即所謂的“先知傳記”時期的事；如去世於828年的伊本・希沙姆的作品翻譯是以我們可以藉此來肯定後《古蘭經》時代的阿拉伯文學事實成長到了什麼程度，華頓翻譯社指的是在編纂《阿拉伯語辭書》（kitab al-ayn）的哈利勒・本・艾哈邁德去世於786年，還有為阿拉伯語語法支出進獻的希巴威沃於796年後的那段期間。
Q：傳授，請問為什麼翻譯公司會認為依靠這種方式重新詮釋《古蘭經》是有意義的？ Q. - Do you mean that anyone who does not keep the Syro-Aramaic language in mind cannot translate and interpret the Koran correctly? Q. - Does this mean the veil is really a chastity belt?
A：論其發源，《古蘭經》實際上是一部敘利亞-亞拉姆語星期書，佈滿了引自《聖經》的讚美詩和抄錄，多是被用於基督教的宗教舉止翻譯再者，《古蘭經》開初是被作為以阿拉伯語將《聖經》的內容宣揚給麥加的基督徒而最先的，原本的《古蘭經》並非那麼的和後來在麥地那被改動後的那麼與社會政治相幹。在一入手下手時《古蘭經》並沒有被視為是一個新宗教的根蒂根基，它是以對於《聖經》的崇奉作為前提，並是以被傳佈入阿拉伯社會而已。 A：因為，在《古蘭經》裡存在著很多模糊不清的處所，乃至就連阿拉伯評論家都難以注釋，乃至還有人說，只有上帝才能理解這些段落翻譯西方對於《古蘭經》的系統性研究是直到19世紀中葉才開始，並且老是以阿拉伯學者的評論作為根蒂根基。但這些評論卻曆來沒有正視過一些辭彙的外國詞源問題。 A. - "I did that on the advice of Muslim friends who were afraid that some enthusiastic fundamentalist would act of his own initiative, without waiting for a fatwa." 現今的大眾或多或少城市知道亞拉姆語曾在古代中東的大部分地域廣為風行這個常識，固然這都要歸功於梅爾・吉勃遜的那部全程採用亞拉姆語的電影《受難記：最後的豪情》。
A：華頓翻譯社起先的設法就是，要研究《古蘭經》就必需得從歷史-語言學的角度來梳理翻譯因為在《古蘭經》成書的時刻，阿拉伯語的書面語還沒有降生；因此，亞拉姆語必會被起首列入斟酌，因為它是誰人時刻，也就是4-7世紀時不但被用作書面說話，同時還是西亞的通用語。
A. - "At first I conducted a ´synchronous´ reading. In other words, I kept in mind both Arabic and Aramaic. Thanks to this procedure, I was able to discover the extent of the previously unsuspected influence of Aramaic upon the language of the Koran: in point of fact, much of what now passes under the name of ´classical Arabic´ is of Aramaic derivation." “克里斯托弗・盧森伯格”的著作“Die Syro-Aramäische Lesart des Koran”（《敘利亞-亞拉姆語版古蘭經》）是在2000年時在德國正式出書，出書商為柏林的阿拉伯文書公司。 Q：所以，面紗真實的意思是貞操帶？ 童貞與葡萄：《古蘭經》的基督教發源 An interview with "Christoph Luxenberg" by Alfred Hackensberger
A：不盡然翻譯確實，在基督教傳統裡，腰帶經常被與貞操聯繫在一路：例如瑪麗亞就老是被描畫成在腰間綁著一條腰帶的形象。 Q. - You have discovered that Sura 97 of the Koran mentions the Nativity. And in your translation of the famous Sura of Mary, her "birthgiving" is "made legitimate by the Lord." Moreover翻譯社 the text contains the invitation to come to the sacred liturgy, to the Mass. Would the Koran, then翻譯社 be nothing other than an Arabic version of the Christian Bible? A. - "Because, in the Koran, there are many obscure points that, from the beginning翻譯社 even the Arab commentators were not able to explain. Of these passages it is said that only God can comprehend them. Western research on the Koran, which has been conducted in a systematic manner only since about the middle of the 19th century, has always taken as its base the commentaries of the Arab scholars. But these have never gone beyond the etymological explanation of some terms of foreign origin." A. - "We begin from the term ´huri,´ for which the Arabic commentators could not find any meaning other than those heavenly virgins. But if one keeps in mind the derivations from Syro-Aramaic, that expression indicated ´white grapes,´ which is one of the symbolic elements of the Christian paradise, recalled in the Last Supper of Jesus. There´s another Koranic expression, falsely interpreted as ´the children´ or ´the youths´ of paradise: in Aramaic: it designates the fruit of the vine, which in the Koran is compared to pearls. As for the symbols of paradise, these interpretive errors are probably connected to the male monopoly in Koranic commentary and interpretation." A. - "Beginning in the third century, the Syrian Christians did not limit themselves to bringing their evangelical mission to nearby countries, like Armenia or Persia. They pressed on toward distant territories, all the way to the borders of China and the western coast of India, in addition to the entire Arabian peninsula all the way to Yemen and Ethiopia. It is thus rather probable that, in order to proclaim the Christian message to the Arabic peoples, they would have used (among others) the language of the Bedouins, or Arabic. In order to spread the Gospel, they necessarily made use of a mishmash of languages. But in an era in which Arabic was just an assembly of dialects and had no written form, the missionaries had no choice but to resort to their own literary language and their own culture; that is, to Syro-Aramaic. The result was that the language of the Koran was born as a written Arabic language, but one of Arab-Aramaic derivation." This is a promising beginning for many reasons. Gerd-Rüdiger Puin翻譯社 a professor at Saarland University in Germany and another Koran scholar on the philological level翻譯社 maintains that this type of approach to Islam´s holy book can help to defeat its fundamentalist and Manichean readings, and to bring into a better light its ties with Judaism and Christianity. Q：既然如此，那翻譯公司怎麼對待對於人們一向以來所認為的，《古蘭經》是第一部以阿拉伯語寫成的作品的觀念？ Q. - To many Muslim believers翻譯社 for whom the Koran is the holy book and the only truth翻譯社 your conclusions could seem blasphemous. What reactions have you noticed up until now? A. - "At that time, there were no Arab schools - except, perhaps, for the Christian centers of al-Anbar and al-Hira, in southern Mesopotamia, or what is now Iraq. The Arabs of that region had been Christianized and instructed by Syrian Christians. Their liturgical language was Syro-Aramaic. And this was the vehicle of their culture, and more generally the language of written communication." A. - "In Pakistan, the sale of the edition of ´Newsweek´ that contained an article on my book was banned. Otherwise翻譯社 I must say that翻譯社 in my encounters with Muslims, I have not noticed any hostile attitudes. On the contrary翻譯社 they have appreciated the commitment of a non-Muslim to studies aimed at an objective comprehension of their sacred text. My work could be judged as blasphemous only by those who decide to cling to errors in the interpretation of the word of God. But in the Koran it is written翻譯社 ´No one can bring to the right way those whom God induces to error.´" 
A：自3世紀伊始，敘利亞基督徒便入手下手帶著他們宣揚福音的任務踏上了如亞美尼亞或波斯的鄰近國度。於是，雖然《古蘭經》是以阿拉伯語寫成，但它其實也是衍生自敘利亞-亞拉姆語。 A. - "I am not a Muslim, so I don´t run that risk. Besides翻譯社 I haven´t offended against the Koran" Here follows an interview with the author, published in Germany in the newspaper "Süddeutsche Zeitung" and in Italy in "L´espresso," no. 11翻譯社 March 12-18, 2004: ROMA - That Aramaic was the lingua franca of a vast area of the ancient Middle East is a notion that is by now amply noted by a vast public, thanks to Mel Gibson´s film "The Passion of the Christ翻譯社" which everyone watches in that language. Q. - Let´s come to the misunderstandings. One of the most glaring errors you cite is that of the virgins promised, in the Islamic paradise, to the suicide bombers. A. - "I began from the idea that the language of the Koran must be studied from an historical-linguistic point of view. When the Koran was composed, Arabic did not exist as a written language; thus it seemed evident to me that it was necessary to take into consideration, above all, Aramaic, which at the time, between the 4th and 7th centuries, was not only the language of written communication, but also the lingua franca of that area of Western Asia." Q. - What do you say, then, about the idea, accepted until now, that the Koran was the first book written in Arabic? http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/7025?eng=y
本篇文章引用自此: http://blog.xuite.net/kesaite/blog/484431703有關翻譯的問題歡迎諮詢華頓翻譯社
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